论文总字数：15924字

目 录

1现代汉语中的“刚”“坚”“硬”..................................................................................4

2古代汉语中的“刚”“坚”“硬”...................................................................................4

2.1“刚”..........................................................................................................................................4

2.2“坚” .........................................................................................................................................5

2.3“硬”..........................................................................................................................................6

3替换过程.....................................................................................................................................6

3.1商—西汉时期的“刚” “坚” “硬”.................................................................................6

3.1.1“刚”..................................................................................................................................7

3.1.2“坚”..................................................................................................................................7

3.1.3“硬”..................................................................................................................................9

3.1.4小结.....................................................................................................................................9

3.2魏晋南北朝时期的 “刚” “坚” “硬”.........................................................................10

3.2.1“刚”.................................................................................................................................10

3.2.2“坚”.................................................................................................................................10

3.2.3“硬”.................................................................................................................................11

3.2.4小结....................................................................................................................................12

3.3唐宋...........................................................................................................................................12

3.3.1“硬”.................................................................................................................................12

3.3.2“坚”.................................................................................................................................12

3.3.3小结...................................................................................................................................13

4替换原因 ...................................................................................................................................14

参考文献......................................................................................................................................14

致谢................................................................................................................................................15

“刚”“坚”“硬”历时替换小考

徐 超

，China）

Abstract：In the history of Chinese vocabulary，the three words Ying(硬) ，Gang (刚) ，Jian(坚)and can be substituted mutually in the meaning of hard．This process can be divided into Shang - Han, Weijin Southern and Northern dynasties, Suitang and Song dynasties.

Gang (刚) appeared earliest in Shang dynasty and Jian(坚）appeared in Zhanguo period. Jian(坚)held a leading post.Ying(硬)sprouted in the western Han Dynasty and it can be found in spoken language.In this paper, author discuss the usage of three woreds in Modern and Ancient Chinese ,and labor a process of transfer process through data and to study the reasons.

Key words:Gang(刚);Jian(坚)；Ying(硬)；chronological substitution；substitution reasons

现代汉语中的“刚”“坚”“硬”

在现代汉语中，表示事物的“坚硬”的性质，“硬”最为常用，且出现的频率最多。无论是在书面语还是在口语中，它的使用都很广泛。比如：

（1）“乡亲！硬是要得！”（《不成问题的问题》）；

（2）“你看天气这么硬，弄不好，猪娃会连一个也捞不住，都得冻死。”（《王家斌》）；

（3）“你硬一点主不能作吗？”（《淘金记》）。 根据调查的资料数据统计，在《老残游记》中，硬”出现129例，而《水浒传》是439例，《醒世恒言》是79例，从这些不小的数字可以看出，在口语化的书中，“硬”的使用特别广泛。

不同于“硬”，“坚”并不会单独出现，现代汉语里，它是一个单纯的构词语素，被用在一些复合词当中，比如“坚硬”、“坚韧”、“坚持”、“坚苦”等等。除了不单独出现这个特点，现代汉语的“坚”还有一个特点，那就是它习惯被用在书面化的表达中，在口语化十分强的文章里，“坚”的出现率是很低的。

“刚”在现代汉语里通常以复合词形式出现，例如“刚硬”、“刚木”，“刚条”。只有作为副词表示“才”“恰好”时，它才可单独使用，例如“这时刚放工，弄得厂门口人山人海，大家都来看热闹。”（《法濡者的悲剧》）

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