美国强奸盾牌条款研究

论文总字数：17703字

摘 要

学 号：25011219

姓 名：陈绍文

指导教师：王禄生

在李天一案中，李天一辩护律师以被害人身份系“陪酒女”且所涉性关系涉嫌“性交易”为由提出无罪辩护，有学者也提出“强奸陪酒女比强奸良家妇女危害性小”的言论，引起舆论和学界的一片热烈讨论，其争论的实质在于被害人系“陪酒女”或“良家妇女”对于强奸的危害性有没有影响。将这个问题纳入学界的证据法范围内，其重点是在强奸案等性侵害案件中，被害人过往性品格可否作为证据来影响定罪量刑，成为审判中的重要一环。现阶段，我国还没有相关方面的立法，性品格证据的适用规则还不完善，是否适用及如何适用都没有明确的规定，因此李天一案极大地冲击了相关领域，引起了学界对品格适用规则的热烈讨论。反观美国，强奸盾牌条款经过了40年的发展，司法实践逐渐形成了对适用性品格证据的特定规则，对保护当事人隐私，保障被害人权利做出了重大贡献。

[关键词] 强奸盾牌条款；品格证据；性品格证据；适用规则

Research on the Rape Shield Rule

Abstract

Student No.:25011219

Name:Shaowen Chen

Supervisor:Lusheng Wang

In the case of Li Tianyi,the defence lawyer came up with the idea that the victim is a “hostess” and the sexual relation can be “sex trade”.He proposed a defence for Innocence.A scholar also holds the opinion that “it`s harmless to rape hostesses than to rape decent women”,which caused a srong reaction.The essence of their argument is if the victim being" hostesses "or" honest woman " have effects for the danger of rape.In the law of evidence,the essence is that if the sex character evidence can be used on court.Not the same with our country,the USA has its own “rape shield rule”,which makes great contributiong to the protection of the victim`s privacy.

[key words]rape shield rule;character evidence;sex character evidence;the rule to applicate

目 录

摘 要··············································································Ⅰ

Abstract···············································································Ⅱ

前 言··············································································1

一、品格证据与性品格证据····························································1

（一）品格证据及其适用规则···························································1

（二）性品格证据及其适用规则·························································3

二、美国强奸盾牌条款··································································4

（一）美国强奸盾牌条款产生的时代背景················································4

（二）美国强奸盾牌条款内容···························································6

（三）美国强奸盾牌条款的立法模式·····················································6

（四）美国强奸盾牌条款的影响和作用··················································8

三、从美国强奸盾牌条款看中国立法实践················································8

（一）在我国构建被害人品格证据规则的必要性·········································8

（二）在我国构建被害人品格证据规则的可行性·········································9

（三）对我国建立品格证据规则的建议················································10

结 论···············································································11

参考文献·············································································12

谢 辞···············································································13

美国强奸盾牌条款研究

前 言

在被害人过往性品格的适用规则上，美国“强奸盾牌”条款的通过是一项具有历史意义的实践，在那之前，性犯罪中被害人的过往性品格是当然采纳的，这导致很多被害人因为害怕在诉讼中被透露隐私或者被迫回答很多令人窘迫的贬低性盘问而放弃报案或者提出诉讼。辩护律师通过性品格证据来刁难被害人，努力证明强奸行为是被害人同意的，这会影响陪审团或者法官的裁定，导致不公正的无罪裁定。这是当时美国女权地位低下的一种表现，其基础是沙文主义的观念，这种情况持续了很长一段时间，很多受害者在审判中受到二次伤害，对社会稳定也产生了不利影响。在18世纪60年代，美国女权主义运动的开展使得当局必须重视妇女权利，性犯罪中被害人的保护也成为一项重要问题，在这样的背景下，国会和各州的立法机关开始限制性犯罪中被害人过往性品格证据的适用，并在1978年通过了强奸盾牌条款（Rape Shield Rule）。

本文分为三个部分，第一部分为品格证据与性品格证据，强奸盾牌条款又被称为412条款，其核心在于性品格证据能否适用以及如何适用的问题，通过研究品格证据、适用规则以及其适用程序可以为“盾牌条款”的研究奠定基础；第二部分为美国强奸盾牌条款，介绍了“盾牌条款”的含义以及其产生的历史背景，描写了在条款出台之前美国性犯罪被害人的悲惨处境，简要描述了推动条款出台的两个著名运动，美国女权主义运动以及被害人保护运动，在第二部分的最后，详细讲述了美国强奸盾牌条款的几项立法模式，通过研究立法模式，可以对我国相关立法提出一些建议和意见；第三部分为从美国强奸盾牌条款看中国立法实践，通过研究在中国施行品格证据规则的必要性以及可行性，结合前文“盾牌条款”的相关内容，为我国立法提出可行性建议。

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