新兴污染物中特征化学成分的遗传毒性研究

 2022-06-16 09:06

论文总字数:29090字

摘 要

环境中广泛存在着各种新兴污染物,日常生活中使用的多种个人护理品都是新兴污染物的源头,其主要活性成分包括代谢产物和转化产物,在污水、地表水、地下水和饮用水中普遍被普遍检测到存在。但对于新兴污染物的环境评价仍欠缺基于人体健康和生态环境安全的公认评价基准,导致风险评价结果的不确定性。因此对于新兴污染物的毒性评价的研究,对我国今后制定新兴污染物的排放标准、环境评价基准,制定适合我国国情的新兴污染物控制策略的建立有重要意义。

本研究选定5种遮光剂、增塑剂的主要成分:①二苯甲酮②2,4-二羟二苯基酮③邻苯二甲酸二辛酯④邻苯二甲酸二环己酯⑤双酚A,采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验(Ames试验),进行单独毒性试验,评价它们的致突变性。同时进行邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯、双酚A的混合毒性试验,对他们的遗传毒性效应做出综合评价。结果如下:

1)二苯甲酮具有显著的致突变性, 类型为DNA碱基置换及移码突变;

2)2,4-二羟二苯基酮具有致突变性, 较为明显致DNA碱基置换及移码突变,在高浓度下具有一定的抑菌作用;

3)邻苯二甲酸二辛酯具有致突变性;有明显致DNA碱基置换性;

4)邻苯二甲酸二环己酯不具有致突变性;

5)双酚A具有致突变性。有较为明显致DNA碱基置换及移码突变性,在高浓度下具有一定的抑菌作用;

6)邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯、双酚A的混合毒性试验表明,混合化学品具有致突变性,为致DNA碱基置换及移码突变。

本研究运用Ames试验的方法对于环境中的新兴污染物的遗传毒性作了初步的评价,在未来的研究中仍需进行进一步的探索,并积极进行新兴污染物遗传毒性的机理研究。

关键词:新兴污染物;增塑剂;遮光剂;遗传毒性; Ames 试验;

Abstract

There are a wide range of emerging pollutants in the environment.Personal care products used in daily life, are the source of emerging pollutants.The main active components of various emerging pollutants are found in sewage, surface water, groundwater and drinking water.Trace concentrations of emerging pollutants in the environment will cause high hazard and risk, but the environmental assessment of emerging pollutants still lacks accepted assessment criteria based on human health and ecological environmental safety, leading to uncertainty of risk assessment results.The research on emerging pollutants is beneficial to the development of emission standards for emerging pollutants, environmental assessment criteria, and the development of control strategies for emerging pollutants that are suitable for China's national conditions in the future.

In order to evaluate the toxic effects of emerging pollutants in water environment, five different substances were selected to carry out separate toxicity tests after investigating the types of emerging pollutants in water environment.

There are benzophenone,2-dihydroxybenzophenone,dioctyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate and bisphenol A.The mixed toxicity tests of dioctyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate and bisphenol A were carried out to evaluate their genotoxicity.The above chemicals are the main ingredients of plasticizers and are widely used in sunscreen and plastic products processing.In this experiment, single toxicity test and mixed toxicity test were carried out by the method of salmonella typhimurium reverse-mutation test (Ames test). The test method referred to the technical specification for cosmetics safety (2015 edition). The results are as follows:

1) benzophenone has significant mutagenicity, which were caused by DNA base substitution and frameshift mutation.

2) 2-dihydroxybenzophenone has mutagenicity, which were caused by DNA base substitution and frameshift mutation, and has certain bacteriostatic effect at high concentration.

3) Dioctyl phthalate has mutagenicity , which were caused by DNA base substitution.

4) Dicyclohexyl phthalate has no mutagenicity.

5) Disphenol A has mutagenicity, which were caused by DNA base substitution and frameshift mutation, and has certain bacteriostatic effect at high concentration.

6) The mixed toxicity tests of dioctyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate and bisphenol A showed that the mixed chemicals has mutagenicity, which were caused by DNA base substitution and frameshift mutation. In this study, the genetic toxicity of emerging pollutants in the environment was preliminarily evaluated by Ames test, and the mechanism of genetic toxicity of emerging pollutants should be studied in the future.

KEY WORDS:Emerging pollutants, plasticizer ,sunscreens, genotoxicity,Ames test

目录

摘要 I

Abstract Ⅱ

第一章 绪论 4

1.1 研究背景 4

1.2 新兴污染物简介 4

1.2.1 新兴污染物简介 4

1.2.2 新兴污染物的分类 4

1.3 国内外对新兴污染物生态毒性研究的现状 4

1.4 典型新兴污染物的生态效应 5

1.5 研究目的与意义 7

第二章 试验材料与方法 8

2.1 被评价的化学物质 8

2.1.1 试验中使用的化学药品 8

2.1.2 代谢活化系统 8

2.2 试验仪器 13

2.3 遗传毒性试验对象 13

2.4 遗传毒性试验原理和方法 13

2.4.1 遗传毒性试验原理 13

2.4.2 遗传毒性试验类型 13

2.4.3 遗传毒性试验方法 13

第三章 试验结果 18

3.1 二苯甲酮(BP)Ames试验 18

3.2 2,4-二羟二苯基酮(BP-1)Ames试验 19

3.3 邻苯二甲酸二辛酯Ames试验 20

3.4 邻苯二甲酸二环己酯Ames试验 21

3.5 双酚A Ames试验 23

3.6 混合化学品Ames试验 24

第四章 结语 26

4.1 新兴污染物遗传毒性试验结果讨论 26

4.2 新兴污染物遗传毒性试验结论 27

4.3 展望 27

致谢 28

参考文献 29

第一章 绪论

研究背景

近些年来,对于环境的重视和人们环保意识的逐渐提高,人们对于因为人类自身活动而向环境中排放的大量的化合物十分关注,其对于人类和水生生物的潜在危害引起了人们的广泛关注。水环境中的污染物来源包含工业污染(传统污染物)和生活污染(新兴污染物),近几年的研究表明对于工业类传统污染物已经进行了较为充足的研究,这方面的研究已经相较比较成熟,而在与人类生活密切相关的生活污染方面的研究上却并不全面。大量的化学药品在日常的生产、生活中被持续使用,这就使得环境中存在广泛的新兴污染物,其对于环境可能产生的影响及危害值得我们关注与重视。环境中长期广泛的存着新兴污染物,因此新兴污染物会对生物产生潜在的毒性危害,并且伴随着多种物质毒性效应的累积,最终会造成难以想象的伤害。

存在于新兴污染物中的特征化学成分通过皮肤接触、呼吸吸入和食物摄入等暴露途径对人体和动物产生影响甚至伤害。比如我们日常生活中使用的化妆品和香水等就会通过皮肤接触与人体接触对人体产生伤害;生活中我们使用的具有挥发性的沐浴露、洗发露等日用品就会通过呼吸吸入与人体接触对人体产生伤害;食品摄入也是新兴污染物与人体接触对人体产生伤害的一种方式,并且研究发现食物链对于新兴污染物的毒性传递具有生物累计和生物放大作用。

剩余内容已隐藏,请支付后下载全文,论文总字数:29090字

您需要先支付 80元 才能查看全部内容!立即支付

该课题毕业论文、开题报告、外文翻译、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找;