金属增材制造的缺陷分析与控制研究

 2022-03-18 08:03

论文总字数:24950字

摘 要

与传统制造工艺相比,金属增材制造技术在快速成形、降低成本等方面具有明显优势,已在众多领域被广泛应用。但由于制造过程存在着复杂的热力学过程,导致了构件中常常存在着气孔、未熔合差等缺陷,制约了其进一步发展。本文使用层流等离子体金属增材制造设备,以ER308LiS不锈钢丝为原材料成形构件样品,系统研究了缺陷形成及成形质量与电流强度、氩气流量、焊丝到熔池的距离以及送丝速度等工艺参数的关系,并提出缺陷整体控制方法。

研究结果表明,熔合性受热量输入和氩气保护的共同影响,当热量输入不足时,搭接道间的凹陷处得不到充分填充,产生未熔合孔洞;当氩气保护作用不足时,氧化皮阻碍了熔池和熔滴的结合,使层间结合不良。气孔的形成受氩气流量和热输入的共同影响,氩气流量低或因电流强度低而导致的热输入不足均会使气孔增多。

成形工艺对样品表面形貌及致密度有显著的影响。电流强度增大,样品表面趋于平整,致密度逐渐提高;焊丝到熔池距离增大,样品表面结球严重,且致密度逐渐降低;氩气流量上升,样品表面质量和致密度都先上升后降低。试验结果对层流等离子体金属增材制造工艺的完善和缺陷的控制有较大的意义。

关键词:金属增材制造,层流等离子体,成形工艺,缺陷,成形质量

Abstract

Compared with traditional manufacturing process, metal additive manufacturing technology has obvious advantages in rapid forming and cost reduction, and has been widely used in many fields. However, due to the complex thermodynamic process in the manufacturing process, there are often defects in the components such as porosity and poor fusion, which restricts its further development. In this paper, the laminar plasma additive manufacturing equipment was used to form components with the ER308LiS stainless steel wire. The relationship between defect formation and forming quality with the parameter, such as current intensity, argon flow rate, distance from welding wire to melting pool, wire feeding speed are studied systematically, and the integrated defect control method is proposed.

The result of research shows that the fusibility is affected by both the heat input and the projective effect of argon. When the heat input is insufficient, the valleys between the lap joints cannot be fully filled, which results in unfused holes. When the protective effect of argon is insufficient, the oxide scale hinders the combination of molten pool and molten droplet, resulting in poor interlayer bonding. The formation of porosity is affected by argon flow rate and heat input. The low flow rate of argon or the insufficient heat input caused by low current intensity will increase the number of pores.

The forming process has significant influence on the surface morphology and density of the sample. With the increase of current intensity, the surface of the sample tends to be flat and the density increases gradually. With the increase of the distance from the welding wire to the molten pool, the sample surface balling is serious, and the density decreases gradually. The surface quality and density of samples were increased and then decreased with the increase of argon flow rate. The test results are of great significance to the improvement of laminar flow plasma metal additive manufacturing process and the control of defects.

KEY WORDS: metal additive manufacturing, laminar plasma, forming process, defect, forming quality

目 录

摘 要 3

Abstract 4

第一章 绪论 1

1.1引言 1

1.2金属增材制造方法的原理及特点 2

1.2.1激光增材制造技术 2

1.2.2电子束增材制造技术 2

1.2.3电弧增材制造技术 2

1.3金属增材制造缺陷 3

1.3.1气孔 3

1.3.2未熔合或熔合不良 3

1.3.3裂纹 4

1.3.4未熔颗粒 5

1.3.5结球 5

1.4层流等离子体金属增材制造技术 6

1.4.1层流等离子体金属增材制造原理及特点 6

1.4.2层流等离子体金属增材制造研究现状 7

1.5本文的研究目的及主要内容 8

第二章 试验设计与方案 9

2.1试验设备与原材料 9

2.1.1层流等离子体金属增材制造设备简介 9

2.1.2试验原材料 10

2.2试验方案 10

2.2.1成形试验 10

2.2.2微观组织及缺陷分析 11

2.2.3成形质量分析 11

第三章 层流等离子体增材制造不锈钢的组织及缺陷分析 12

3.1显微组织分析 12

3.2缺陷分析 13

3.2.1未熔合 13

3.2.2气孔 17

3.3 本章小结 19

第四章 层流等离子体增材制造缺陷整体控制 20

4.1 表面质量控制 20

4.1.1 表面质量与丝池距离的关系 20

4.1.2 表面质量与氩气流量的关系 21

4.1.3 表面质量与其他参数的关系 22

4.2 致密度分析 23

4.2.1 致密度与电流强度的关系 23

4.2.2 致密度与送丝速度的关系 24

4.2.3 致密度与氩气流量的关系 25

4.3 本章小结 27

第五章 结论与展望 28

5.1结论 28

5.2展望 28

参考文献 29

致 谢 31

第一章 绪论

1.1引言

作为一种全新概念的制造技术,增材制造(Additive Manufacturing,AM)自问世以来,以极强的应用性和创新性,受到了学术研究及工业生产等领域的共同关注,也凭借其制造速度快、扛干扰能力强、材料利用率高,成形能力强等优势,广泛应用于医用构件、交通运输、航空航天设备、汽车一体化生产等领域。图1.1给出了部分金属增材制造在不同领域的应用实例。《中国制造2025》中明确指出:“要围绕增材制造创新发展的重大需求,形成一批制造业创新中心。”科技部于2017年10月27号发布的《重点专项2018年度项目申报》单独将增材制造作为一个重点专项。我国政府对发展增材制造技术的重视程度可见一斑。

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