论目的论对文学翻译的影响——以杨宪益译本《呐喊》为例

Effects of Skopos Theory on Literary Translation:

A Case Study of Call to Arms Translated by Yang Xianyi

By

He Xiaotian

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

Department of English

School of Languages and Cultures

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

May, 2016

Effects of Skopos Theory on Literary Translation:

A Case Study of Call to Arms Translated by Yang Xianyi

He Xiaotian

Department of English

School of Languages and Cultures

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

Abstract: Translation, as a complicated activity of cultural communication, is affected by a variety of theories and principles, among which skopos theory is an important one. The main contents of skopos theory are concluded by the famous German translation theorist Hans Vermeer. Skoposthorie consists of three basic principles ― Skopos rule, Coherence rule and Fidelity rule. As the functionalist approaches developed, another translation theorist, Christiane Nord, discovered the deficiencies of skopos theory in its directive function to translation practice. According to this, she brought about another main rule and called it the Loyalty rule, which bettered skopos theory in guiding function through literary translation practice. However, many critics still doubt the application of this theory to literary translation practice. They still insist that the principle of reciprocity is enough to transfer messages of the source-text and how the messages are expressed in this text. But it is certain that communicative functions cannot be ignored during the process of literary translation and social effects and the comments of target readers also ought to be considered, all of which are the key to literary translation. This essay aims to prove the importance and functions of skopos theory in literary translation through studying Call to Arms translated by Yang Xianyi according to the four basic rules of this theory. In conclusion, in literary translation, despite the deficiencies of skopos theory, this theory enables translators to realize the communicative purposes and help target readers catch the gist of target language texts.

Key words: skopos theory; literary translation; basic rules; Yang Xainyi; Call to Arms

摘 要

翻译是一项复杂的文化交流活动，受到多种理论和原则的影响。而“目的论”是众多原则中较为重要的一项。“目的论”的主体部分最早由德国著名的翻译学家维密尔总结得出，主体由三个基本原则构成，分别为目的原则、忠实原则和连贯原则。诺德在探索功能派理论的过程中，发现“目的论”对翻译活动指导作用中的一些不足。基于此，诺德提出了“目的论”的一个重要原则——忠城原则，这是“目的论”对翻译实践指导作用的一个完善，特别对文学翻译活动的指导意义重大。然而，依旧有很多翻译批评学者并不赞同“目的论”对文学作品翻译的指导意义，并坚持译文应该和原文“对等”的理念，认为只要翻译出原文的内容以及形式就可以了。本文认为译者在进行文学翻译时，不可以忽视译文的交际功能，以及所能产生的社会效应以及译入语读者的感受，这些都是在“目的论”指导下的文学翻译所必须考虑的核心内容。本文从“目的论”的几个原则出发，以杨宪益译本《呐喊》为例进行分析研究，以此证明“目的论”对于文学翻译所产生的重要影响。得出结论：在文学翻译中，尽管目的论有其不足，但该理论使得译者实现了交际目的，并帮助目标读者理解源语文本的要旨。

关键词：目的论；文学翻译；基本原则；杨宪益；《呐喊》

Contents

1. Introduction 6

2. Basic Knowledge of Skopos Theory 6

2.1. The Development and Definition of Skopos Theory 6

2.2. The Three Basic Rules of Skopos Theory and Nord’s Complement 7

2.2.1. Skopos Rule 7

2.2.2. Coherence Rule 8

2.2.3. Fidelity Rule 8

2.2.4. Nord’s Complement: Loyalty Rule 8

2.3. Evaluation Criterion of Skopos Theory on Translation 9

3. Directive Functions of Skopos Theory to Literary Translation 9

3.1. Advantages of Directions by Skopos Theory 10

3.2. Shortcomings of Directions by Skopos Theory 11

4. Yang Xianyi and Call to Arms (《呐喊》) 11

4.1 Yang Xianyi’s Life and Work 11

4.1.1 Yang Xianyi’s Life 12

4.1.2 Yang Xianyi’s Translation Career 12

4.2 Introduction of Lu Xun and Call to Arms 14

4.3 Concluding Remarks 15

5. The Application of Skopos theory in Literary Translation 15

5.1 Text Characteristics of Call to Arms 16

5.1.1 The Dynamic Beauty of Call to Arms 16

5.1.2 The Poetic Beauty of Call to Arms 17

5.1.3 The Picturesque Beauty of Call to Arms 17

5.2 The Realization of Skopos theory in Yang’s Version 18

5.2.1 The Translation Purpose of Yang’s Version 18

5.2.2 The Realization of Skopos theory in This Version 19

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