饼类锻件锥形砧镦粗工艺的模拟研究

 2021-12-12 01:12

论文总字数:34097字

摘 要

大型饼类锻件作为大型装备的核心部件之一,对于机械性能的要求很高,因此锻件的质量水平会关系到大型装备的整体的性能。本文以DEFORM-3D为分析软件对大型饼类锻件的锻造进行模拟。探究在锻造加工过程中,工艺参数与工艺方案对内部应力场,应变场和载荷的影响。

本文通过对高径比为2,高度1900mm,直径950mm的坯料进行预镦粗模拟,研究在不同锥角的上锥形砧下压过程中的内部应力场,应变场和载荷分布情况,并对比了锥形砧镦粗与平砧镦粗之间的差异。通过分析发现锥角越大时,载荷越小,应变分布越均匀,上下两端的难变形区范围越小,但心部等效应变也越小;此外随着锥角越大,坯料心部切应力也会越大,切应力由拉应力转变为压应力的临界压下率也会越大,但外表面切向应力会减小;平砧镦粗比锥形砧镦粗应变梯度峰值更大,变形更加剧烈,更易产生裂纹。在锥形砧第一步预镦粗过程中,压下率应控制在60%范围内,以避免产生内部缺陷。

通过锥形砧预镦粗再通过平砧压平后,坯料的尺寸成为高度700mm,直径1440mm。在大型饼类锻件终镦过程中,通过改变终锻锥形砧锥角及锥形砧圆角研究锥形砧对金属坯料变形的影响,并分析了排砧压平法,周向旋转压平与沿径向旋转压平三种方式,并分析了上下同时锥形砧下压与单侧锥形砧下压二者对于锻件造成的影响。得出结论,锥形砧直径1400mm,锥形砧高度150mm,圆角选取150mm时应力与应变分布更合理;压平方式中沿径向旋转压平时上砧旋转36°应变更好,周向旋转45°应变更好,排砧压平法进给量选取0.3坯料直径时更加合理,综合对比三种工艺排砧法压平应变最好。上下锥形砧同时下压150mm时获得的静水压应力范围大于单侧锥形砧下压,前者更有利于锻合内部缺陷。

本文利用有限元方法对于锻造过程进行模拟,可以为实际加工提供理论依据,为工业生产中工艺参数的选取提供了合理的选择。

关键词:锥形砧;饼类锻件;镦粗工艺;数值模拟

The Research on Simulation of Cone Anvil Upsetting for Heavy Disk Forgings

Abstract

Heavy disk forgings as one of the core parts of large equipment, the requirement of mechanical properties is very high, so the quality of the forging levels will relat to the performance of large equipment.Based on DEFORM-3D analysis software simulate the forging of Heavy disk forgings.To explore the influence of process parameters and process scheme in the process of forging processing internal stress field, strain field and load, etc.

This paper uses billet whose ratio of is the high ratio of height-diameter is 2 to simulate upsetting. Researching on the distribution of internal stress field, strain field and the load in the upsetting process with different Angle of cone anvil, and comparing the difference of cone plate upsetting and plate upsetting.Through the analysis found that the increasing of the cone Angle will cause the smaller the load, more uniform distribution of strain, smaller difficult deformation zone, but the internal strain is small; In addition, as the cone Angle increasing, the shear stress of center billet will be increased, critical pressure ratio of the shear stress which change from tensile stress to compressive stress will also rise, but sheer stress in the outside surface decrease; strain gradient of plate upsetting has higher peak than cone plate upsetting,which cause more intense deformation and crack. In the pre-upsetting process, the pressure ratio should be controlled within 60% in order to avoid internal defects.

In heavy disk forgings upsetting process, studying the effect of conical plate on deformation of billet by changing the cone plate Angle and fillet, and analyzed the row upsetting, the vertical radial rotation flatten and along the radial rotary pressing, and analyzes the difference between cone plate press on both two side and on just one side.Concluded that the cone plate with 1400 mm diameter, height 150 mm,fillet 150 mm will get more reasonable distribution of stress and strain; along the radial rotation pressed ten times is better, vertical radial rotation pressed 8 times is better, in the row upsetting, 0.3d feed ratio is more reasonable.Through comparing three kinds, strain of row upsetting is best.Using cone plate load 150 mm ,the range of hydrostatic stress on both two side load is larger than on just one side load, the former is better to decrease the internal defects.

This paper uses the FEM simulate the forging process, and can provide theoretical basis for the practical processing. It provides a reasonable choice for the selection of process parameters in industrial production.

KEY WORDS: cone anvil,disk forgings,upsetting process,numerical simulation

目录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪 论 1

1.1 引言 1

1.2大型锻件锻造工艺概述 2

1.2.1镦粗工艺的概述 2

1.2.2镦粗工艺的参数及分析 4

1.3有限元模拟技术在锻造过程中应用 5

1.4课题研究的意义及主要内容 6

第二章 有限元软件介绍 7

2.1有限元分析方法 7

2.1.1刚粘塑性有限元法基本理论 7

2.1.2基本假设与方程 7

2.2DEFORM软件介绍 8

2.3有限元模拟参数设定 9

2.3.1前处理 9

2.3.2求解 13

2.3.3后处理 13

第三章 锥形砧预镦粗的模拟研究 16

3.1锻造工艺介绍 16

3.2有限元模型的建立 16

3.3镦粗过程模拟研究 17

3.3.1 锥形砧锥角的影响 18

3.3.1.1锥形砧锥角对应力的影响 18

3.3.1.2锥形砧锥角对应变的影响 19

3.3.1.3锥形砧锥角对载荷的影响 20

3.3.2锥形砧与平砧的影响 20

3.4结论 23

第四章 大型饼类锻件终锻的模拟研究 24

4.1锥形砧镦粗的简介及有限元模型建立 24

4.2锥形砧镦粗中锥形砧参数的影响 26

4.2.1 锥形砧锥角 26

4.2.1.1锥形砧锥角对应变的影响 26

4.2.1.2锥形砧锥角对静水应力的影响 28

4.2.1.3锥形砧锥角对载荷的影响 30

4.2.2 锥形砧圆角 31

4.2.2.1锥形砧圆角对静水应力的影响 31

4.2.2.2锥形砧圆角对等效应变的影响 32

4.3上下同时使用锥形砧镦粗的影响 34

4.4不同的压平方式影响 35

4.4.1 旋转压平 35

4.4.1.1沿径向旋转压平 35

4.4.1.2沿周向旋转压平 37

4.4.2 排砧法压平 39

4.5 结论 42

第五章 结论与展望 44

5.1结论 44

5.2展望 45

致谢 46

参考文献 47

第一章 绪 论

1.1 引言

这些年随着我国的国民经济与科学水平的快速发展,很多行业都得到了很大的发展,但也同样面临着各方面的挑战,尤其对于传统的制造加工工业,如冶金、汽车、化工等这些关系国家命脉的支柱产业。都面临着严峻的国内与国际的挑战。基于目前的这种情况,需要拥有新的理念制造更加优质,技术含量更高的产品,这些都会帮助我国提升自身实力来面对日益激烈的国际间竞争。大型饼类锻件作为常用的重型与大型装备的核心部件。通常需要对锻件进行自由锻,但其加工的难度较大,由于其最终产品的高径比通常远小于1,这提高了加工难度,所以在实际加工中,废品率比较高,在锻件边缘也通常会出现裂纹。因此大型锻件的加工变得十分重要,此外,大型锻件的尺寸精度与内部质量也是需要考虑的问题[1]。基于这样的特点,针对大型锻件的质量,需要满足以下的三个方面:1、减少锻件坯料中的内部主要缺陷;2、帮助实现锻件产品中力学性能定量的分布;3、获得的内部细晶粒组织大小需要尽量均匀相等[2]

所以,提高材料利用率,降低锻造的废品率,利用环保型能源降低能耗,提高大型锻件质量都是目前锻造主要关心的问题。由于大型锻件通常都由钢锭开坯锻造而来。因此铸造过程中造成的一些缺陷是不可避免的,例如缩松,微裂纹和偏析等冶金缺陷,如果钢锭越大,这些缺陷会越大,例如缩孔这些缺陷更容易出现[3]。为了获得优质锻件,必须通过锻造工艺来消除这些缺陷。所以在锻造过程中不能在缺陷区再出现大的拉应力,否则不但不会提高锻件的性能,反而会加剧缺陷的产生。

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